Posterior Subcapsular Cataract: Small Opacity, Big Symptoms
Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) is a distinct pattern of lens opacification that forms just...
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Optic Disc Melanocytoma: Jet-Black and (Almost Always) Benign
Optic disc melanocytoma is a densely pigmented, benign tumor arising from melanocytes at or around...
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Lens-Particle Glaucoma: When Retained Cortex Blocks the Angle
Lens-particle glaucoma is a secondary open-angle glaucoma caused by direct mechanical obstruction...
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Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis: The White Dot Syndrome That Doesn’t Just Go Away
Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory condition producing...
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Leber Congenital Amaurosis: A Normal Fundus, a Silent ERG
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most common genetic cause of severe visual impairment in...
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Map-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy: The Hidden Cause of Recurrent Erosion
Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, formally known as epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, is the...
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Homonymous Hemianopia: What Congruity Tells You About the Lesion
Homonymous hemianopia is loss of the same half of the visual field in both eyes — both right...
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Macular Neovascularization: Types 1, 2 and 3 and What They Mean at the Bedside
Macular neovascularization (MNV) is the current consensus term for abnormal vessel growth in the...
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Indocyanine Green Angiography: Seeing the Choroid Fluorescein Cannot
Indocyanine green angiography, or ICG angiography, images the choroidal circulation using a dye...
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Hypertensive Choroidopathy: When the Vessel That Can’t Autoregulate Fails
Hypertensive choroidopathy is a distinct manifestation of severe, acute blood pressure elevation...
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Laser Peripheral Iridotomy: Fixing Pupillary Block, and Only Pupillary Block
Laser peripheral iridotomy creates a small, full-thickness opening in the peripheral iris using a...
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Horner Syndrome: Three Neurons, Three Very Different Emergencies
Horner syndrome is the classic triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis resulting from interruption...
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