Electroretinography: What the Full-Field ERG Can and Cannot Tell You
Electroretinography (ERG) records the electrical response of the retina to a light stimulus, and...
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Foville Syndrome: Reading a Pontine Stroke From the Eyes and Face
Foville syndrome is a brainstem stroke syndrome caused by a lesion in the dorsal pons, producing a...
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Diabetic Macular Edema: Choosing Between Observation, Anti-VEGF, Steroids and Laser
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is fluid accumulation in the macula caused by breakdown of the...
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Gonioscopy: Seeing the Angle That Slit-Lamp Exam Cannot
Gonioscopy is the technique for directly visualizing the anterior chamber angle, a structure that...
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Fluorescein Angiography: Reading the Patterns of Leakage, Blockage and Staining
Fluorescein angiography (FA) records the passage of sodium fluorescein through the retinal and...
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DSEK vs DMEK: Replacing Only the Cornea’s Failed Layer
Endothelial keratoplasty, encompassing both DSEK and DMEK, selectively replaces only the diseased...
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Dengue Maculopathy: Foveolitis and Macular Ischemia After a Febrile Illness
Dengue maculopathy is a macular complication of dengue fever that causes central blurring or a...
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Giant Retinal Tear: When the Flap Folds Over Itself
A giant retinal tear is defined as a full-thickness retinal break extending 90 degrees or more of...
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Diplopia: The One Question That Splits the Whole Differential
Diplopia, or double vision, is a symptom rather than a diagnosis, and the single most useful first...
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Cyclophotocoagulation: Turning Down Aqueous Production Instead of the Drain
Cyclophotocoagulation lowers intraocular pressure by directly ablating the ciliary body’s...
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Corneal Wound Dehiscence: Why Old Surgical Scars Never Fully Regain Strength
Corneal wound dehiscence is a separation or opening of a previously closed corneal or limbal...
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Corneal Neovascularization: A Sign, Not a Diagnosis
Corneal neovascularization is the growth of new blood vessels into the normally avascular cornea,...
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